Izixhobo zeMibhobho yoShishino: Iintlobo, Izixhobo kunye nezicelo

Intshayelelo

Ukukhetha ukufakelwa kombhobho ofanelekileyo kuchaphazela okungaphezulu kakhulu kunendlela imibhobho edibana ngayo. Kwiinkqubo zoshishino, ukufakelwa kumisela indlela yokuhamba, ukulahleka koxinzelelo, ukusebenza kokutywina, amaxesha okugcinwa, kunye nokhuseleko phantsi kweemeko zokusebenza ezinzima. Eli nqaku lichaza iintlobo eziphambili zokufakelwa, izixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukuzenza, kunye nalapho ukhetho ngalunye luhambelana khona kakuhle kwizityalo zenkqubo, izixhobo zikagesi, kunye nemizi-mveliso enzima. Ekugqibeleni, uya kuba nesakhelo esisebenzayo sokuthelekisa iingqiniba, ii-tee, izinciphisi, ii-couplings, kunye nezinto ezinxulumene nazo ngokusekelwe kwiimeko zenkonzo, ukumelana nokugqwala, amandla, kunye neemfuno zesicelo.

Kutheni Izixhobo Zombhobho Wemizi-mveliso Zibalulekile

Izixhobo zokufaka iipayipi zemizi-mveliso zisebenza njengeendawo ezibalulekileyo kwiinethiwekhi zothutho oluntsonkothileyo lolwelo. Umsebenzi wazo oyintloko kukudibanisa, ukuphelisa, ukulawula, okanye ukutshintsha indlela yokuhamba kwamanzi kwiinkqubo zepayipi kumacandelo aqala ekucutshungulweni kwepetrochemical ukuya ekucocweni kwamanzi ngumasipala.

Inkcazo kunye nendima kwiinkqubo zemibhobho

Izinto zokufakela ziquka udidi olubanzi lwezinto—ezifana neengqiniba, ii-tee, ii-reducers, kunye neevalvu—ezilawula ngokuthe ngqo amandla olwelo. Kwimibhobho eqhelekileyo yeenyawo ezili-1,000 yemizi-mveliso, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-30% yokwehla koxinzelelo lonke kunokubangelwa kukungqubana okwenziwa zizinto zokufakela. Oku kugxininisa impembelelo yazo enkulu kubungakanani bepompo, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo iyonke.

Impembelelo ekuthembekeni, kukhuseleko, nakwixesha lokungasebenzi

Ukuqina kwesakhiwo sezixhobo zokufaka izinto kulawula umda wokhuseleko lwalo lonke usebenzo. Ukungaphumeleli kwisixhobo sokufaka izinto ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu kunokubangela ukuvuza okukhulu, okubeka izinto ezinobungozi ekuchithekeni kwezinto ezinobungozi kunye nokuphuma kwezinto ezingacwangciswanga. Idatha yeshishini ibonisa ukuba ukuvuza okunxulumene nokufakwa kwezinto kunye neendibano ezidibeneyo ezingafanelekanga kubangela malunga ne-15% ukuya kwi-20% yokukhutshwa kwezinto ezibalekayo kwizityalo zokucubungula iikhemikhali, nto leyo eyenza ukuba iinkcukacha ezifanelekileyo zibaluleke kakhulu ekuthobeleni imimiselo yokusingqongileyo, ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi, kunye nokunciphisa ixesha lokungasebenzi kwezixhobo.

Iingqwalasela zeendleko kunye nomjikelo wobomi

Nangona izixhobo zokufakela zinokuba yi-10% ukuya kwi-15% kuphela yenkcitho yokuqala yenkunzi kwiprojekthi enkulu yokufakela imibhobho, zinefuthe elingalinganiyo kuhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lolondolozo lwexesha elide. Ukuchaza isixhobo sokufakela esinobomi boyilo beminyaka engama-20 endaweni yendlela engabizi kakhulu, ekumgangatho ophantsi yeminyaka emi-5 kunokunciphisa iindleko zokutshintshwa komjikelo wobomi ukuya kuthi ga kwi-60%. Olu balo luchaphazela iindleko zokutshintshwa ngokuthe ngqo kunye nomsebenzi, iimfuno ze-scaffolding, kunye nengeniso yemveliso elahlekileyo enxulumene nokuguqulwa kwezityalo okucwangcisiweyo.

Iintlobo zeZixhobo zoMbhobho wezoShishino

Ulwakhiwo lwejometri kunye nendlela yokudibanisa isixhobo esifanelekileyo imisela ukufaneleka kwaso kwiimfuno ezithile ze-fluid dynamic, iimeko zokuhlanganisa, kunye neeshedyuli zokugcinwa.

Iimilo kunye nemisebenzi yokulinganisa eqhelekileyo

Imilo yesixhobo sokulinganisa ilawula indlela ulwelo oluhamba ngayo kwinkqubo. Iingqiniba (ezidla ngokwenziwa ngee-engile ezingama-45° kunye nama-90°) zitshintsha indlela yokuhamba, ngelixa ii-tee kunye nee-cross zahlula okanye zidibanisa imijelo yokuhamba. Ii-reducers transition pipe diameters zilawula isantya solwelo, ziza ngendlela engqindilili (elinganayo) kunye ne-eccentric (engalinganiyo). Ii-eccentric reducers zifakwa ngokukodwa kwimigca yolwelo ethe tye enecala elithe tyaba phezulu ukuthintela ukwakheka kwepokotho yomoya, nto leyo ibalulekileyo ekugcineni intloko yokufunxa ipompo eqinileyo.

Iindlela zoqhagamshelo kunye nexesha lokusetyenziswa kwazo

Iindlela zoqhagamshelolawula isantya sokudibanisa kunye nokunyamezela uxinzelelo oluphezulu. Izixhobo zokufaka ii-butt-weld zibonelela ngomgangatho ophezulu wesakhiwo kwimigca yoxinzelelo oluphezulu (edla ngokudlula i-3,000 psi) kodwa zifuna uvavanyo lwe-welding olunobuchule obuphezulu kunye ne-radiography. Izixhobo zokufaka ii-socket-weld zikhethwa kwiipayipi ezincinci ze-bore (ngaphantsi kwe-2 intshi ye-NPS) apho kufuneka kuthintelwe ukusasazeka kwe-weld yangaphakathi. Uqhagamshelo olunemisonto (njenge-NPT okanye i-BSPT) luvumela ukuhlanganiswa ngokukhawuleza kwizicelo ezinoxinzelelo oluphantsi, ezingezizo ezibalulekileyo, ngelixa uqhagamshelo olune-flanged lunceda ukugcinwa rhoqo kunye nokuqhekeka ngokukhawuleza.

Uhlobo kunye nothelekiso lonxibelelwano

Ukukhetha uhlobo olufanelekileyo lokufakela kufuna uthelekiso oluthe ngqo lwemida ebonakalayo, izinto ezifunekayo ekuhlanganiseni, kunye neemfuno zokusebenza.

Itheyibhile 1: Uthelekiso lweeNdlela zoQhagamshelo loFakelo

Izixhobo zokufakelwa kweMibhobho yezeMveliso

Ukukhethwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo yeyona nto ibalulekileyo ekuchazeniizixhobo zombhobho wezezimboniI-alloy okanye i-polymer ekhethiweyo kufuneka imelane nokwakheka kweekhemikhali ze-media, uluhlu lobushushu bokusebenza, kunye neprofayili yoxinzelelo lwangaphakathi ngaphandle kokunikezela ekuwohlokeni okukhawulezileyo.

Izixhobo eziqhelekileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo

Intsimbi yekhabhoni (umz., i-ASTM A234 WPB) yeyona nkampani isebenzayo, ethandwa kakhulu kwiindawo ezingaboliyo, ezixinezelekileyo njengothutho lomphunga kunye namanzi. Intsimbi engatyiwayo (ezifana neeklasi ezingama-304/304L kunye ne-316/316L) inika ukumelana nokugqwala okubalulekileyo; I-316L iqulethe ngokukodwa i-2% ukuya kwi-3% ye-molybdenum ukumelana ne-chloride pitting. Kwizinto ezishushu kakhulu, ii-alloys ezingaqhelekanga ezifana neHastelloy, iMonel, okanye iTitanium ziyasetyenziswa. Ngokwahlukileyo koko,iinketho ezingezizo ezesinyithiEzifana ne-PVC, i-CPVC, kunye ne-PTFE zilawula ucoceko oluphezulu kunye ne-asidi esebenza kumaqondo obushushu aphakathi okanye aphezulu ngokuphakathi.

Ubushushu, ukugqwala, kunye noxinzelelo olutshintshiselanayo

Iinjineli zihlala zilinganisela imida yobushushu, ukumelana nokugqwala, kwaye zivelisa amandla xa kuthelekiswa nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lokuthenga. Umzekelo, ngelixa intsimbi yekhabhoni eqhelekileyo ilahlekelwa ngamandla amakhulu okutsalwa ngaphezu kwama-400°C (750°F), iintsimbi ze-alloy ezifakwe i-chromium kunye ne-molybdenum (ezifana ne-P11 okanye i-P22) zigcina uzinzo lolwakhiwo ukuya kuthi ga kuma-600°C (1,112°F). Nangona kunjalo, ezi zongezo ze-alloy zinokunyusa iindleko zezinto ezikrwada nge-150% ukuya kuma-300% xa kuthelekiswa nentsimbi yekhabhoni yokuqala. Ngokufanayo, ngelixa iiplastiki zibonelela ngokumelana okugqwesileyo kwe-asidi, amandla azo okuphatha uxinzelelo ehla ngokukhawuleza njengoko amaqondo obushushu esondela kuma-93°C (200°F).

Uthelekiso lokukhethwa kwezinto

Le theyibhile ilandelayo ibonisa imida yokusebenza kunye neenyani zoqoqosho zezinto ezifanelana ngokufanayo.

Itheyibhile 2: Utshintsho kwiMpawu zoMsebenzi weZinto

Imigangatho yoKhetho kunye nezicelo

Ukunamathela ngokungqongqo kwimigangatho yobunjineli kuqinisekisa ukuba ukufakwa kuya kusebenza ngendlela eqikelelweyo phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Imibutho yemigangatho yehlabathi ibonelela ngezikhokelo ezilawula ubukhulu, iimpawu zezinto, kunye novavanyo lobushushu boxinzelelo.

Izinto ezikhethwayo ngokwesicelo esithile

Uhlobo lolwelo oluthuthwayo luchaza iimfuno zejometri kunye nokugqitywa komphezulu. Iislurries ezirhabaxa kwimigodi zifuna izixhobo zodonga olunzima ezinee-linings ezingagugiyo, ngelixa ukusetyenziswa kwe-biopharmaceutical kufuna intsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-ultra-high purity (UHP). Kwiindawo zamayeza, ii-internal surface finishes kufuneka zipolishwe nge-electron ukuya kwi-roughness average (Ra) ye-15 microintshi okanye ngaphantsi ukuthintela ukungena kweebhaktheriya kunye nokuqinisekisa ukucoceka ngokupheleleyo.

Iikhowudi, imigangatho, kunye novavanyo loxinzelelo

I-American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) imisela iifreyimu eziphambili zobukhulu kunye noxinzelelo ezisetyenziswa kwihlabathi liphela. I-ASME B16.9 igubungelaizixhobo zokuwelda ezenziwe ngomatshini, ngelixa i-ASME B16.11 ilawula izixhobo ezifakelweyo (ukuwelda ngesokhethi kunye nentambo). Uvavanyo loxinzelelo alunasiphelo; isixhobo esifakelweyo seKlasi 3000, umzekelo, sifaniswa nobukhulu bodonga lombhobho weShedyuli 80, kodwa uxinzelelo lwayo oluphezulu oluvumelekileyo lokusebenza (MAWP) luyawohloka ngokulandelelana njengoko amaqondo obushushu okusebenza enyuka. Ngokufanayo, iiflange ezilawulwa yi-ASME B16.5 zibona amandla azo oxinzelelo ehla kakhulu kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kuzo zonke iimpawu zeKlasi 150 ukuya kwiKlasi 2500.

Inkqubo yokukhetha ukufakelwa inyathelo ngenyathelo

Inkqubo yeenkcukacha ilandela ulandelelwano olucacileyo ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kunye nokuthotyelwa kwemithetho. Okokuqala, iinjineli zichaza imida yemidiya, kubandakanya ukwakheka kweekhemikhali, ubushushu obuphezulu bokusebenza, kunye noxinzelelo lokunyuka okuphezulu. Okwesibini, ishedyuli yombhobho efunekayo (ubukhulu bodonga) ibalwa ngokusekelwe kwi-MAWP. Okwesithathu, udidi lokufakela oluhambelanayo kunye nohlobo loqhagamshelo luyakhethwa (umz., iShedyuli 40 butt-weld okanye iClass 3000 threaded). Okokugqibela, ukuhambelana kwezinto kuyaqinisekiswa ngokuchasene neetafile zokubola kweshishini, kuqinisekisa ukuba isibonelelo sokubola esilindelekileyo sihlala singaphantsi kwe-0.1 mm ngonyaka kumjikelo wobomi bokusebenza oqhelekileyo weminyaka engama-20.

Indlela yokwenza isigqibo sokugqibela sokuthenga

Ukutshintsha ukusuka kwiinkcukacha zobunjineli ukuya ekuthengeni kufuna ukuvavanya imveliso ebonakalayo kunye nokuthembeka kwekhonkco lokubonelela. Inkcazo egqibeleleyo ngokwezibalo ayisebenzi ukuba umthengisi unikezela ngezinto ezinganyamezelaniyo okanye akaphumeleli ukubonelela ngamaxwebhu afanelekileyo esinyithi.

Iikhrayitheriya zovavanyo lobuchwephesha kunye nolwemithombo

Ukuqinisekiswa komgangatho yeyona nto iphambili ekufumaneni izinto. Abathengi kufuneka bagunyazise iiNgxelo zoVavanyo lweMpahla (ii-MTR) ezihambelana ne-EN 10204 Type 3.1 ukuqinisekisa ukwakheka kweekhemikhali kunye neempawu zoomatshini. Ngaphezu koko, uzinzo lwekhonkco lokubonelela luyalela ukuvavanya ubungakanani obuncinci be-oda (i-MOQ) yomenzi kunye namaxesha okukhokela. Kwizixhobo zentsimbi yekhabhoni eziqhelekileyo, ixesha lokukhokela leeveki ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-4 liqhelekile, ngelixa ii-alloys ezenziwe ngokwezifiso zinokufuna iiveki ezili-16 ukuya kwezingama-24, okunokuphazamisa iishedyuli zeprojekthi ukuba azifunyanwanga ngokukhawuleza. Amanani afanelekileyo eempazamo kufuneka axoxwe ngokungqongqo kwisivumelwano senkonzo ephambili, kujoliswe ngaphantsi kwe-0.5% kwizinto ezibalulekileyo zeziseko.

Uluhlu lokujonga izigqibo zokugqibela

Amaqela okuthenga kufuneka asebenzise i-matrix yovavanyo oluqatha ngaphambi kokuba akhuphe i-oda yokuthenga. Oku kuquka ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthengisi une-ISO 9001 esebenzayo kunye neziqinisekiso ezifanelekileyo ze-API okanye ze-ASME. Kufuna ukubhekisa kwiindidi zezinto ezicatshulweyo, ubukhulu, kunye neeklasi zoxinzelelo ngokuchasene nomzobo wokuqala wepayipi kunye nezixhobo (P&ID). Ukongeza, abathengi kufuneka baqinisekise iinkcukacha zezothutho, kubandakanya imigangatho yokupakisha (njengokhuseleko lweplastiki kwi-fittings ye-butt-weld ebhityileyo ukuthintela umonakalo wokuhamba) kunye nokufumaneka kweendawo zokubamba zokuhlolwa komntu wesithathu (TPI) ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvelisa.

Izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe

• Izigqibo ezibalulekileyo kunye nesizathu seZixhobo zoMbhobho weZimboni
• Iinkcukacha, ukuthobela imithetho, kunye nokuhlolwa komngcipheko okufuneka kuqinisekiswe ngaphambi kokuba uzibophelele
• Amanyathelo alandelayo asebenzayo kunye nezilumkiso abafundi abanokuzisebenzisa ngoko nangoko

Imibuzo ebuzwa qho

Ziziphi iintlobo zokufakelwa kwemibhobho yemizi-mveliso eziqhelekileyo?

Iingqiniba zitshintsha indlela, ii-tee ziyahlukana okanye zidibanise ukuhamba, izixhobo zokunciphisa zitshintsha ubungakanani bombhobho, kwaye ii-caps okanye ii-plugs ziphelisa imigca. Khetha ngokusekelwe kwindlela yokuhamba, uxinzelelo, kunye neemfuno zokugcinwa.

Zeziphi izinto zokufakela ezifanelekileyo kwinkonzo yokubola okanye yokushisa okuphezulu?

Intsimbi engagqwaliyo lukhetho oluqhelekileyo lokumelana nokugqwala kunye nobushushu. Kwimidiya eqinileyo, qinisekisa umgangatho ochanekileyo kunye nokuhambelana nolwelo lwakho, ubushushu, kunye neemeko zoxinzelelo.

Ndingayisebenzisa nini i-butt-weld endaweni ye-threaded fittings?

Sebenzisa i-butt-weld kwimigca enoxinzelelo oluphezulu, esisigxina, okanye ebalulekileyo. Sebenzisa izixhobo ezinemisonto kwiinkqubo ezincinci nezinoxinzelelo oluphantsi apho ukufakwa ngokukhawuleza kunye nokugcinwa okulula zezona zinto ziphambili.

Ndingayikhetha njani i-reducer efanelekileyo yomgca othe tye wolwelo?

Sebenzisa isixhobo sokunciphisa umoya esingaqhelekanga, icala elithe tyaba liphezulu ukuze unciphise umngcipheko weepokotho zomoya. Oku kunceda ukugcina ukufunxwa kwepompo okuzinzileyo kunye nokuhamba kolwelo okuthambileyo.

Ngaba i-nbfh-metal.com ingabonelela ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zoqhagamshelo lwemibhobho yemizi-mveliso?

Ewe. i-nbfh-metal.com inikezela ngezinto zokufakelwa zesinyithi zoshishino kunye neendlela zokudibanisa ezinxulumene noko. Tshatisa uhlobo lokufakelwa nobungakanani bombhobho wakho, udidi loxinzelelo, izinto, kunye nendawo yenkonzo ngaphambi kokuba u-odole.