Indlela Yokukhetha Izixhobo Zemibhobho Yentsimbi Egayiweyo Ngokwesiqhelo

Intshayelelo

Ukukhetha izixhobo zombhobho wentsimbi ezigayiweyo ngokwemigangatho kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba yonke ingqiniba, i-tee, i-coupling, kunye ne-union zihambelana neemfuno zoomatshini, ubukhulu, kunye nokumelana nokugqwala kwenkqubo yemibhobho. Imigangatho ichaza izinto eziphambili ezifana nomgangatho wezinto, ubukhulu bodonga, ukuchaneka komsonto, umlinganiselo woxinzelelo, kunye nomgangatho wokugquma i-zinc, zonke ezichaphazela ukhuseleko kunye nobomi benkonzo. Esi sikhokelo sichaza indlela yokuthelekisa iinkcukacha eziqhelekileyo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa, kunye nokuphepha izixhobo ezingahambelaniyo okanye ezikumgangatho ophantsi kwizicelo zoshishino, zorhwebo, kunye nezixhobo. Ngokuqonda oko kulawulwa ngumgangatho ngamnye, abathengi kunye neenjineli banokwenza ukhetho oluthembekileyo ngakumbi kwaye banciphise umngcipheko wokufakela, ukugcinwa, kunye nokungaphumeleli.

Kutheni iMigangatho ibalulekile kwiZilinganisi zeMibhobho yeNtsimbi eGlassiweyo

Izixhobo zombhobho wentsimbi ezigayiweyo zisebenza njengezicubu ezibalulekileyo ezidityanisiweyo kwiinkqubo zothutho lolwelo negesi, zinika amandla oomatshini aqinileyo kunye nokumelana nokugqwala okuphuculweyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwengubo ye-zinc, edla ngokufezekiswa nge-hot-dip galvanizing, kudala i-metallurgical bond ekhusela intsimbi engaphantsi kwi-oxidation. Nangona kunjalo, ukusebenza kunye nobude bexesha lala macandelo kuxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo ekuthobeleni ngokungqongqo kwimigaqo esele imiselwe.imigangatho yokuvelisa kunye nezinto eziphathekayo.

Ngaphandle kweenkcukacha ezimiselweyo ezilawula ukwakheka kwezinto, ukunyamezelana kobukhulu, kunye nobukhulu be-galvanizing, ukuthembeka kwenkqubo akunakuqinisekiswa. Iziseko zoshishino zihlala zifuna ubukhulu obuncinci be-zinc coating obuyi-86 micrometers (µm) kwizixhobo ze-hot-dip galvanized ukuqinisekisa ubomi obufanelekileyo benkonzo kwiindawo zoshishino ezifuna kakhulu. Ukukhetha izixhobo ngokomgangatho akusiyo nje into yokuthobela imithetho; yindlela ephambili yokuqinisekisa ukuziphatha okuqikelelweyo koomatshini kwiinethiwekhi zemibhobho ezintsonkothileyo.

Umngcipheko kunye nokuthembeka kweprojekthi

Ukukhetha izixhobo ezisekelwe kwimigangatho eqinileyo kunciphisa ngokuthe ngqo umngcipheko weprojekthi ngokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuthembekileyo phantsi koxinzelelo loomatshini nobushushu. Izixhobo ezingalinganiyo zihlala zibonisa ubukhulu bodonga obungaguqukiyo, ukuvuleka kwangaphakathi, okanye ukuxinana okunganelanga. Kwiinkqubo zokungcangcazela okuphezulu okanye uxinzelelo oluguquguqukayo, ezi ziphene zokwenza izinto zinokunyusa amathuba okusilela okukhulu okanye ukuvuza okuncinci ngaphezulu kwama-40%.

Kwiinkqubo zorhwebo nezoshishino ezisebenza kuxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo, njenge-150 psi okanye i-300 psi, ukusebenzisa izixhobo ezihlangabezana ngokucacileyo novavanyo lobushushu olumiselweyo akunakuxoxiswana ngazo. Iinkqubo zovavanyo ezisemgangathweni ziqinisekisa ukuba izixhobo zivelisa imveliso ngendlela eqikelelweyo, zigcina ukhuseleko lokusebenza kwaye zithintela ixesha lokungasebenzi kakuhle kwezixhobo ezibangelwa kukulahleka kolwelo okungalindelekanga.

Xa ukhetho olusekelwe kwimigangatho lubaluleke kakhulu

Ukunamathela ngokungqongqo kwimigangatho kuba yinto ephambili kwiinkqubo zokhuseleko lobomi, iziseko zophuhliso ezibalulekileyo, kunye nezicelo zoshishino ezinoxanduva oluphezulu. Umzekelo, iinkqubo zokukhusela umlilo zorhwebo ezilawulwa yi-NFPA 13 zifuna ukuba zonke izixhobo ze-galvanized zibe noluhlu lwe-UL kunye nemvume ye-FM, nto leyo efuna uvavanyo oluqinileyo lwe-hydrostatic ukuze kumelwane noxinzelelo oluncinci oludlula amaxesha amahlanu kwinqanaba lazo lokusebenza.

Ngokufanayo, ekusasazweni kwamanzi kamasipala kunye nokucubungula iikhemikhali ngamandla, ukucacisa izixhobo ezihambelana nomgangatho kuqinisekisa ukuba ubunzima be-zinc coating buhlangabezana nemilinganiselo efunekayo ukuthintela ukuwohloka kwesakhiwo ngaphambi kwexesha. Kwezi meko, ukunamathela kwimigangatho kunceda inkqubo ifezekise umjikelo wobomi obujoliswe kuwo weminyaka engama-20 ukuya kwengama-30 ngaphandle kokufuna ukutshintshwa kwenxalenye ngaphambi kwexesha.

Imigangatho Ephambili Yezixhobo Zombhobho Wentsimbi Egayiweyo

Imeko yehlabathi jikeleleizinto zombhobhoilawulwa ziinkampani ezininzi eziphambili zokumisela umgangatho, nganye ichaza iikhrayitheriya ezithile zeempawu zesinyithi, ubukhulu, kunye neentlobo zemisonto. Ukuhamba ngale migangatho kubalulekile kwiinjineli kunye neengcali zokuthenga ukuqinisekisa ukuhlanganiswa okungenamthungo kwiinkqubo ezikhoyo okanye ezisandula ukuyilwa.

Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwemigangatho yaseMelika, yaseYurophu, neyehlabathi kuthintela ukungangqinelani okubizayo ngexesha lokufakelwa kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba izixhobo ze-galvanized ezikhethiweyo ziya kusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo phantsi kwemithwalo yokusebenza ecetywayo.

Isishwankathelo se-ASTM, ASME, EN, ISO, kunye ne-BS

Imibutho eyahlukeneyo yengingqi ilawula iinkcukacha zokufakelwa kwemibhobho yentsimbi egayiweyo. Imigangatho ye-ASME kunye ne-ASTM ilawula imarike yaseMntla Melika, ngelixa imigangatho ye-EN, ISO, kunye ne-BS ixhaphakile eYurophu nakwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe.

Izinto, ubukhulu, kunye nokuhambelana komsonto

Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ekuthotyelweni komgangatho kukuhambelana kwemisonto. Iinkqubo zaseMntla Melika zisebenzisa ikakhulu imisonto yeNational Pipe Taper (NPT) elawulwa yi-ASME B1.20.1, ene-engile yemisonto engama-60. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iinkqubo zaseYurophu nezamazwe ngamazwe zihlala zisebenzisa imisonto yeBritish Standard Pipe Taper (BSPT) elawulwa yi-ISO 7-1, esebenzisa i-engile yemisonto engama-55.

Ukuzama ukudibanisa i-NPT fitting nombhobho we-BSPT—okanye ngokuchaseneyo—kuphumela ekubandakanyekeni okungafanelekanga komsonto. Nokuba izinto zibonakala ngathi zidibene ekuqaleni, ii-engile ezahlukeneyo kunye nepitch ziya kuthintela ukutywinwa okufanelekileyo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni kubekho ukuvuza okuphantse kube yi-100% xa uxinzelelo lokusebenza ludlula i-50 psi. Imigangatho yobukhulu ikwalawula ubukhulu bodonga ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-fitting inokusingatha i-torque esetyenziswayo ngexesha lokufakwa ngaphandle kokuqhekeka.

Indlela yokufanisa imigangatho yokufakela kunye neyombhobho

Ukuze kufezekiswe inkqubo edibeneyo, umgangatho wokufakelwa kwe-galvanized kufuneka uhambelane nomgangatho wombhobho wentsimbi. Umzekelo, xa kusetyenziswa umbhobho wentsimbi we-galvanized we-ASTM A53 standard weight (Schedule 40), iinjineli zihlala zichaza izixhobo zentsimbi ezithambileyo ze-ASME B16.3 Class 150.

Kwizicelo ezinzima ezisebenzisa umbhobho weShedyuli 80, kufuneka izixhobo zeClass 300 ukuze kugcinwe ukuthembeka komgangatho woxinzelelo lwenkqubo. Ukuhambelana nale migangatho kuqinisekisa ukuba indawo ebuthathaka kwinethiwekhi yemibhobho ayisiyo i-threaded joint, ngaloo ndlela kugcinwa umda woxinzelelo ofanayo kuyo yonke inkqubo yokuthutha ulwelo.

Indlela Yokuvavanya Umgangatho Nokuthobela

Ukuvavanya umgangatho kunye nokuhambelana kwezixhobo zombhobho wentsimbi ezigayiweyo kufuna indlela ecwangcisiweyo yokuqinisekisa iimpawu zomzimba kunye neempawu zesinyithi ezibhaliweyo. Amaqela okuthenga kufuneka ajonge ngaphaya kwembonakalo engaphezulu ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimveliso ziyahlangabezana neemfuno ezingqongqo zezicelo zazo.

Uvavanyo lomgangatho olusebenzayo ludibanisa ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo, ukuqinisekiswa kobukhulu, kunye nokuhlolwa kwamaxwebhu ukuqinisekisa ukuba izixhobo ziya kuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwexesha elide ngaphandle kokuphulukana nokugqwala kwangaphambi kwexesha okanye ukungasebenzi kakuhle koomatshini.

Iimpawu zomgangatho ekufuneka zijongwe

Iimpawu zomgangatho ziqala ngokuthembeka kwe-galvanization. I-zinc coating kufuneka iqhubeke, ifane, kwaye ingabi namabala amnyama, iindawo ezingagqunywanga, okanye i-zinc pooling egqithisileyo (iidrips) ezinokuphazamisana nokudityaniswa kwentambo. Kwi-hot-dip galvanizing, imigangatho idla ngokufuna ubunzima obuncinci be-coating obuyi-610 g/m² ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo lokusingqongileyo.

Ukuchaneka kobukhulu becala kubaluleke kakhulu. Ukubandakanyeka komsonto kufuneka kuqinisekiswe kusetyenziswa ii-plug kunye nee-ring gauges ezisemgangathweni, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukunyamezelana kugcinwa ngaphakathi kwe-+/- 1.5 turns ye-basic gauge notch. Ngaphezu koko, izixhobo ezisemgangathweni ophezulu zivavanyelwa i-hydrostatic nganye kwi-indawo yokuvelisa, ngesiqhelo iphinda-phinda uxinzelelo lwabo lokusebenza oluphezulu nge-1.5—njengokuvavanya i-fitting eyi-150 psi-rated kwi-225 psi—ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulwakhiwo luphilile.

Iimeko zesicelo kunye neemfuno zenkonzo

Uvavanyo lokuthobela imithetho kufuneka luhambelane neemfuno ezithile zenkonzo yesicelo. Izixhobo zentsimbi ezithambileyo ezigayiweyo zihlala zilinganiswa ngenkonzo eqhubekayo ngaphakathi kobubanzi bobushushu obuphakathi kwe-20°C ukuya kwi-200°C. Ukudlula le mida yobushushu kunokuphazamisa ukuthembeka koomatshini besinyithi esisisiseko okanye kukhawulezise ukuwohloka komaleko we-zinc.

Ukongeza, uhlobo lweekhemikhali lolwelo oluthuthwayo lulawula iimfuno zomgangatho. Nangona izixhobo ze-galvanized zibalaseleyo kumanzi okusela nakwiinkqubo zomoya ocinezelweyo, i-zinc coating yazo isabela kakhulu kumanqanaba e-pH angaphantsi kwe-6.0 okanye ngaphezulu kwe-10.5. Ukuvavanya iimeko zenkonzo kuqinisekisa ukuba umgangatho ochaziweyo uhambelana noxinzelelo lweekhemikhali kunye nobushushu oluza kuhlangabezana nalo.

Amaxwebhu afunekayo kunye neengxelo zovavanyo

Ukuqinisekiswa okubonakalayo kufuneka kuxhaswe rhoqo ngamaxwebhu alandelekayo.Abavelisi abadumileyoukubonelela ngeeNgxelo zoVavanyo lweMill (ii-MTR) okanye izatifikethi ze-EN 10204 Type 3.1 kunye nebhetshi nganye yezinto zokufakelwa. La maxwebhu alandelela imveliso emva kubushushu bentsimbi yokuqala kwaye aqinisekisa ukwakheka kweekhemikhali kunye neempawu zoomatshini.

Ingxelo yovavanyo ehambelanayo yezixhobo zesinyithi ezithambileyo ezisemgangathweni kufuneka iqinisekise ukuba umxholo wekhabhoni uhlala ungaphantsi kwe-0.25% kunye nesalfure ingaphantsi kwe-0.05%, ukuqinisekisa ukuba izinto zigcina ukuguquguquka okwaneleyo ukufunxa ukutshayiswa koomatshini ngaphandle kokuqhekeka okubuthathaka. Iingxelo zovavanyo ezingekhoyo okanye ezingaphelelanga ziluphawu oluphambili lokwenziwa okungaphantsi komgangatho kwaye kufuneka zithintele umthengisi kwinkqubo yokukhetha.

Iindlela ezilungileyo zokufumana ulwazi kunye nokukhetha

Ukufumana izixhobo zemibhobho yentsimbi egalelweyo kufuna ukulungelelanisa iinkcukacha zobugcisa ezingqongqo kunye neenyani zorhwebo. Ukuseka icebo lokuthenga eliqinileyo kubandakanya ukuvavanya amandla omthengisi, ukuqonda imida yezixhobo, kunye nokuphumeza inkqubo yokuvunywa engqongqo.

Ngokuthelekisa ngokucwangcisiweyo iindlela zokufumana izinto kunye nokuqonda izinto ezibangela iindleko ezinxulumene nokupakisha kunye nokuthutha impahla, imibutho inokufumana izixhobo ezisemgangathweni ezihambelana nemigangatho ngelixa iphucula iindleko zayo zomxokelelwane wokubonelela.

Thelekisa ababoneleli basekhaya nabangenisa impahla kwamanye amazwe

Amaqela okuthenga ajongene nokukhetha okubalulekileyo phakathi kokusebenzisa abasasazi basekhaya okanye ukufumana ngokuthe ngqo kwiifektri zokungenisa impahla kwamanye amazwe. Ababoneleli basekhaya banikezela ngenzuzo eyahlukileyo yexesha elifutshane lokufumana izinto—ngokufuthi bezalisekisa iiodolo kwiintsuku ezi-3 ukuya kwezi-7—kunye nenkxaso yobugcisa efumaneka lula. Nangona kunjalo, olu ncedo ludla ngokuba neprimiyamu yamaxabiso angama-20% ukuya kuma-30%.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukungenisa ngokuthe ngqo kubavelisi bamanye amazwe kunokunciphisa kakhulu iindleko zeeyunithi, ingakumbi kwiiprojekthi ezinkulu. Olu rhwebo lubandakanya amaxesha okunika i-lead angaphezulu ukusuka kwiintsuku ezingama-45 ukuya kwezingama-90 kunye nesidingo senkqubo yokuqinisekisa umgangatho wangaphakathi engqongqo ukuqinisekisa ukuba iibhetshi ezingenisiweyo zihambelana ngokungqongqo nemigangatho efunekayo ye-ASTM okanye ye-EN ngaphambi kokuba zithunyelwe.

Iindleko, ukupakisha, kunye nezinto ezifunekayo

Uthungelwano kunye nokupakishwa kudlala indima enkulu kwixabiso lokugqibela lokufakelwa kwe-galvanized. Ukufunyanwa kwe-mill ngqo kudla ngokufuna ubungakanani obuncinci be-oda (MOQ) obuqala kwiitoni ezi-3 ukuya kwezi-5, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ifaneleke kuphela kulwakhiwo olukhulu okanye ukugcina impahla ixesha elide.

Imigangatho yokupakishwa ikwachaphazela umgangatho xa ifika. Izinto ezifakelwayo mazithunyelwe ngeebhokisi zokhuni okanye iipalethi ezinzima ezineeplastiki ezingangenisi umhlwa kunye nezinto zokucoca ulwelo ukuthintela ukwakheka komhlwa omhlophe kwi-zinc coating ngexesha lokuhamba elwandle ixesha elide.

Inkqubo yokucacisa kunye nokuvunywa

Ukusebenzisa inkqubo esesikweni yokuqinisekisa kunye nokwamkelwa kukhusela umthengi ekufumaneni izinto ezingaphantsi komgangatho. Kwiikhontrakthi ezibalulekileyo zokuthenga, ingakumbi ezo zixabisa ngaphezulu kwe-$50,000, inkqubo kufuneka iqale ngephakheji epheleleyo yokungenisa equkaamaphepha edatha yobugcisa, ii-MTR, kunye neziqinisekiso zovavanyo lwelebhu ezizimeleyo.

Ngaphambi kokuba bazibophelele ekuveliseni ngobuninzi, abathengi kufuneka bafune iisampulu ezibonakalayo ukuze zivavanywe. Kwezinye iimeko, ukuqesha iarhente yokuhlola yomntu wesithathu, efana ne-SGS okanye i-TUV, ukuba yenze uhlolo lwangaphambi kokuthunyelwa kwifektri kubonelela ngomgangatho obalulekileyo wokunciphisa umngcipheko, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ubukhulu bokumelana nobukhulu be-galvanizing buhambelana ngokuchanekileyo nomgangatho ovunyiweyo.

Indlela yokwenza ukhetho lokugqibela

Ukwenza ukhetho lokugqibela lwezixhobo zokufaka iipayipi zentsimbi ezigayiweyo kufuna ukuhlanganiswa kwemigangatho yobugcisa, uvavanyo lomgangatho, kunye nemida yekhonkco lobonelelo kwisigqibo sokuthenga esihambelanayo.

Ngokulungelelanisa iinkcukacha zokufaneleka ngokuchanekileyo neemfuno zesicelo kunye nokuseka imatriki yesigqibo esakhiweyo, iinjineli kunye nabathengi banokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwenkqubo, ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweendleko.

Iindlela zokukhetha ngokwesicelo

Indlela eya ekukhetheni kokugqibela iyahluka ngokusekelwe kukubaluleka kwesicelo. Kwimibhobho yoxinzelelo oluphantsi, ukunkcenkceshela, okanye iinkqubo zomoya ezixinzelelweyo, izixhobo ezisemgangathweni zeClass 150 ezihambelana ne-ASME B16.3 okanye i-EN 10242 zanele ngokubanzi. Kwezi meko, ukuthengwa kunokuphucula iindleko kunye nokufumaneka kwangoko, ukuba nje imigangatho ye-zinc coating kunye nobukhulu bezinto ziyafezekiswa.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukusetyenziswa okunzima kwemizi-mveliso, imigca yolwelo oluphezulu, okanye iinkqubo eziphantsi kokungcangcazela okukhulu koomatshini zifuna indlela engqongqo ngakumbi. Ezi zicelo ziyalela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zeClass 300, zibeka phambili abavelisi abenza uvavanyo olungonakalisiyo lwe-100% (NDT) kwaye babonelela ngokulandelelwa ngokupheleleyo kwezinto, nokuba kufuna amaxesha amade okukhokela kunye nenkcitho ephezulu yokuqala.

Iikhrayitheriya zokugqibela zesigqibo

Isigqibo sokugqibela kufuneka siqhutywe yi-weighted criteria matrix ukususa uluvo oluvela kwinkqubo yokuthenga. I-standard best-practice matrix inika ubunzima be-40% ekuthotyelweni kobugcisa kunye nomgangatho, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukhuseleko aluze lube sesichengeni.

Iikhrayitheriya eziseleyo zihlala zinika i-30% kwixabiso elipheleleyo lokufika, i-20% kwixesha elikhokelayo kunye nokuthembeka kwezixhobo, kunye ne-10% kwirekhodi yembali yomthengisi kunye nemigaqo yewaranti. Ngokusebenzisa le ndlela icwangcisiweyo, imibutho iqinisekisa ukuba ukhetho lwabo lokugqibela lwezixhobo zentsimbi ezigayiweyo lubonelela ngokusebenza okufanelekileyo, ukubambelela kumthetho, kunye nexabiso lexesha elide.

Izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe

• Izigqibo ezibaluleke kakhulu kunye nesizathu sokufakelwa kwemibhobho yentsimbi egayiweyo
• Iinkcukacha, ukuthobela imithetho, kunye nokuhlolwa komngcipheko okufuneka kuqinisekiswe ngaphambi kokuba uzibophelele
• Amanyathelo alandelayo asebenzayo kunye nezilumkiso abafundi abanokuzisebenzisa ngoko nangoko

Imibuzo ebuzwa qho

Ngowuphi umgangatho endifanele ndiwukhethe kwizixhobo zokufaka iipayipi zentsimbi ezigayiweyo?

Tshatisa inkqubo kunye nemakethi: i-ASME/ASTM yaseMntla Melika, i-EN okanye i-BS yaseYurophu, kunye ne-ISO yeeprojekthi zamazwe ngamazwe. Qinisekisa iinkcukacha zeprojekthi ngaphambi kokuba u-odole.

Ndingayazi njani ukuba isixhobo sokulinganisa siya kuhambelana nemisonto yam yombhobho?

Jonga umgangatho womsonto kuqala: I-NPT ilandela i-ASME B1.20.1, ngelixa i-BSPT ilandela i-ISO 7-1. Musa ukuzixuba, kungenjalo ukuvuza kunokwenzeka kakhulu xa kuphantsi koxinzelelo.

Yeyiphi imfuneko yokugaya i-galvanizing ebalulekileyo xa kuthelekiswa izixhobo zokufaka?

Qinisekisa ukuba i-hot-dip zinc coating ihambelana ne-ASTM A153 okanye elingana nayo. Umlinganiselo osebenzayo umalunga ne-86 µm okanye i-610 g/m² ubuncinane bokukhusela ukugqwala okuqinileyo.

Luluphi umlinganiselo woxinzelelo endifanele ndilujonge kwii-fittings ze-galvanized?

Sebenzisa izixhobo ezinezilinganiso zeKlasi 150 okanye zeKlasi 300 ezichazwe ngokucacileyo, kuxhomekeke kuyilo lwenkqubo yakho. Uvavanyo kufuneka luhambelane noxinzelelo lwakho lokusebenza kunye nobushushu.

Ndingaziqinisekisa phi iinkcukacha zokuthobela imithetho ngaphambi kokuba ndithenge kwi-nbfh-metal.com?

Hlaziya iinkcukacha zemveliso kunye namaphepha esatifikethi kwi-nbfh-metal.com. Qinisekisa umgangatho odwelisiweyo, uhlobo lomsonto, udidi loxinzelelo, kunye nemfuneko yokugquma ngaphambi kokuba ufake iodolo.